Boyka Bratanova & Yoshi Kashima
Department of Psychology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
The current research used the Saying-is-Believing (SIB) paradigm with a group as a target of communication and included subsequent communicative acts to examine stereotype formation resulting from self-generated communicative influence. A series of four experiments supported the existence of the SIB effect. It was moderated by the experience of shared reality when recall was administered after the first message production or after one week delay. When recall was administered following communication to a second audience unacquainted with the target group, however, the SIB was negatively moderated by shared reality (i.e. communicators who scored high on shared reality did not exhibit a memory bias, while those who scored low on shared reality showed biased recollections). It seems that having to inform a newcomer poses external pressures to communicators, which reverses the effect of shared reality. A meta-analysis across the experiments also showed that messages produced for subsequent audiences conveyed the bias from previous messages independently from the experience of shared reality – a phenomenon we called Saying –is – Diffusing (SID) effect. Apparently, communicators do not need to endorse the biased information in order to further transmit it to their in-group members. Nevertheless, the bias transmission in communication to an audience acquainted with the target was moderated by the perceived consensus about the target group characteristics. This finding suggests that contrary to memory, where genuine endorsement is required for the recall bias to occur, communication is guided by more exogenous concerns like matching the already existing stereotype in one’s in-group.
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